Abstract Introduction: The changes in the world of work and the introduction of new technologies in recent years have led to an increasing use of visual display terminals (VDT) in many jobs. The discomfort and symptoms experienced during the use of VDT can have a significant impact in terms of quality, -as a result of the increase in the number of mistakes at work-, as well as the economic ones -taking into account the costs derived from temporary incapacity, the loss in working hours or the decrease of productivity-. The constant evolution in this area implies that the workers’ health surveillance exposed to this risk must be adapted to the knowledge and the most current evidence. Objective: The objective of our review is to structure and analyze the most recent literature on the subject to determine which health effects are associated with the usual use of visual display terminals. Method: Among November 2015 and January 2016 a bibliographic search was carried out using the keywords combinations «eyestrain», «occupational diseases», «video display terminals», «musculoskeletal diseases», «occupational diseases», «computer» «work» and population surveillance «in the electronic databases PubMed and the Cochrane Library limited to the last ten years. The studied population are individuals exposed to DDS and the results, in terms of health, symptoms or pathologies associated with the use of these technologies. Symptoms, diseases or disorders related to psychosocial risks were excluded of the search. The criteria for the selection of the articles were based on whether the study population had to be fully or partially employed and used computers or data visualization screens and that the health effects had to be in the visual or musculoskeletal sphere, related to working conditions or associated risk factors. Articles were not initially excluded because of language or type of study. The SIGN criteria (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) were used to classify the scientific evidence and to determine the degree of the recommendations. Results: Results of the initial search were 1711 references, of which, once read the titles and excluded duplicates were reduced to 496. Once read the summaries, 424 other references were excluded considering that the content was not relevant and also for language reasons. Of the remaining 72 articles, 10 were excluded either because the content was irrelevant or did not meet the inclusion criteria, so that finally 62 items were included in the final review. Workers who usually use DSS regularly have symptoms of work-related discomfort and pain. Currently there are data that suggest the relationship between the use of these equipment and problems at the level of the cervical area. To a lesser extent, it is also associated with symptomatology of the wrist-hand and with vergence and astigmatism at the eye-visual level. Conclusions: The inclusion of symptomatology in most studies (collected through questionnaires), makes the pathology assessment associated with the use of VDT more complicated. In general it is possible to identify subjective discomfort or symptoms, but it is difficult to translate it into specific pathologies if they are not properly contrasted with objective and well-defined tests. Although there are no strong recommendations for specific interventions in the workplace, a multiple intervention strategy is seen as the most reasonable approach, prioritizing primary and secondary prevention activities, promoting the correct design of workplaces, and acting on training of workers so that they themselves become active subjects of prevention. More studies are required, with longitudinal designs and with a multicentric character to generate more evidence between the association of osteomuscular and oculomotor problems with the labor exposure to VDT.

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Price is one of the main barriers of access to medicines. It is therefore important to understand how prices are formed and what factors determine the amount, as well as what interventions and regulations are the most appropriate considering their effects on access, innovation, local production and other potential objectives of drug policy. Economic analysis has developed a set of market models that can explain the behavior of prices, although actual markets diverge substantially from the theoretical models. Price regulation is justified by the so-called "market failures." Price regulation based on the cost of production, the most traditional form of price control, has fallen into disuse in favor of systems of international reference pricing and value-based pricing.

El precio es una de las principales barreras de acceso a los medicamentos. Por ello es importante conocer cómo se forman los precios y qué factores determinan su cuantía y también qué formas de intervención y regulación son las más adecuadas teniendo en cuenta sus efectos, tanto sobre el acceso, como sobre la innovación, la producción local y otros posibles objetivos de la política de medicamentos. El análisis económico ha desarrollado un conjunto de modelos de mercado que permiten explicar el comportamiento de los precios, aunque los mercados reales divergen sustancialmente de los modelos teóricos. La regulación de precios está justificada por los llamados "fallos de mercado"; la regulación de precios basada en el costo de producción, la modalidad de control de precios más tradicional, ha caído en desuso a favor de los sistemas de precios de referencia internacionales y por la fijación del precio basada en el valor.

Price is one of the main barriers of access to medicines. It is therefore important to understand how prices are formed and what factors determine the amount, as well as what interventions and regulations are the most appropriate considering their effects on access, innovation, local production and other potential objectives of drug policy. Economic analysis has developed a set of market models that can explain the behavior of prices, although actual markets diverge substantially from the theoretical models. Price regulation is justified by the so-called "market failures." Price regulation based on the cost of production, the most traditional form of price control, has fallen into disuse in favor of systems of international reference pricing and value-based pricing.

El precio es una de las principales barreras de acceso a los medicamentos. Por ello es importante conocer cómo se forman los precios y qué factores determinan su cuantía y también qué formas de intervención y regulación son las más adecuadas teniendo en cuenta sus efectos, tanto sobre el acceso, como sobre la innovación, la producción local y otros posibles objetivos de la política de medicamentos. El análisis económico ha desarrollado un conjunto de modelos de mercado que permiten explicar el comportamiento de los precios, aunque los mercados reales divergen sustancialmente de los modelos teóricos. La regulación de precios está justificada por los llamados "fallos de mercado"; la regulación de precios basada en el costo de producción, la modalidad de control de precios más tradicional, ha caído en desuso a favor de los sistemas de precios de referencia internacionales y por la fijación del precio basada en el valor.

Objective: To examine the relationship between maternal intelligence-mental health and neuropsychological development at age 14 months in a normal population, taking into account maternal occupational social class and education. Methods: We prospectively studied a population-based birth cohort, which forms part of the INMA (Environment and Childhood) Project. Cognitive and psychomotor development was assessed at 14 months using Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Maternal intelligence and mental health were assessed by the Cattell and Cattell test and the General Health Questionnaire-12 respectively. Results: We observed a crude association between maternal intelligence and cognitive development in children at 14 months but this association disappeared when maternal education was included. The associations were stratified by maternal education and occupational social class. Within the manual maternal occupational social class, there was a significant difference in cognitive development between children whose mothers scored in the highest tertile of maternal IQ and those whose mothers scored in the lowest tertile. In contrast, no differences were observed among children whose mothers were in the non-manual occupational social class. Conclusions: The association between maternal intelligence and child cognitive development differed by occupational social class. While this association was not confounded by education or other variables in manual occupational social classes, maternal education explained this association among advantaged occupational social classes.

Objetivos: Este estudio exploró la relación entre inteligencia y salud mental materna y desarrollo neuropsicológico infantil a los 14 meses de edad en población normal, teniendo en cuenta la clase social basada en la ocupación y el nivel educativo maternos. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de cohortes de nacimiento englobado dentro del proyecto INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente). El desarrollo cognitivo y psicomotor fue evaluado mediante la escala Bayley de desarrollo infantil. La inteligencia y la salud mental maternas se evaluaron usando el Test de Cattell y Cattell, y el Cuestionario de Salud General de 12 ítems, respectivamente. Resultados: Se observó una asociación cruda entre inteligencia materna y desarrollo cognitivo infantil a los 14 meses de edad. Sin embargo, esta asociación desaparecía cuando la educación materna era incluida. Las asociaciones fueron estratificadas por educación y clase social basada en la ocupación materna. En el estrato de clase social manual materna se observó una diferencia significativa en la escala mental de la escala Bayley entre esos niños cuyas madres puntuaron en el tercil más alto de inteligencia materna, comparado con el tercil más bajo. No obstante, no se observaron diferencias entre aquellos niños de clase social no manual materna. Conclusiones: Existe un patrón diferente en la asociación entre inteligencia materna y desarrollo cognitivo infantil según la clase social materna. Mientras la asociación no es confundida por la educación ni por otras variables en las clases sociales manuales, el nivel educativo materno explica esta asociación en las clases sociales no manuales.

Objective: To examine the relationship between maternal intelligence-mental health and neuropsychological development at age 14 months in a normal population, taking into account maternal occupational social class and education. Methods: We prospectively studied a population-based birth cohort, which forms part of the INMA (Environment and Childhood) Project. Cognitive and psychomotor development was assessed at 14 months using Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Maternal intelligence and mental health were assessed by the Cattell and Cattell test and the General Health Questionnaire-12 respectively. Results: We observed a crude association between maternal intelligence and cognitive development in children at 14 months but this association disappeared when maternal education was included. The associations were stratified by maternal education and occupational social class. Within the manual maternal occupational social class, there was a significant difference in cognitive development between children whose mothers scored in the highest tertile of maternal IQ and those whose mothers scored in the lowest tertile. In contrast, no differences were observed among children whose mothers were in the non-manual occupational social class. Conclusions: The association between maternal intelligence and child cognitive development differed by occupational social class. While this association was not confounded by education or other variables in manual occupational social classes, maternal education explained this association among advantaged occupational social classes.

Objetivos: Este estudio exploró la relación entre inteligencia y salud mental materna y desarrollo neuropsicológico infantil a los 14 meses de edad en población normal, teniendo en cuenta la clase social basada en la ocupación y el nivel educativo maternos. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de cohortes de nacimiento englobado dentro del proyecto INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente). El desarrollo cognitivo y psicomotor fue evaluado mediante la escala Bayley de desarrollo infantil. La inteligencia y la salud mental maternas se evaluaron usando el Test de Cattell y Cattell, y el Cuestionario de Salud General de 12 ítems, respectivamente. Resultados: Se observó una asociación cruda entre inteligencia materna y desarrollo cognitivo infantil a los 14 meses de edad. Sin embargo, esta asociación desaparecía cuando la educación materna era incluida. Las asociaciones fueron estratificadas por educación y clase social basada en la ocupación materna. En el estrato de clase social manual materna se observó una diferencia significativa en la escala mental de la escala Bayley entre esos niños cuyas madres puntuaron en el tercil más alto de inteligencia materna, comparado con el tercil más bajo. No obstante, no se observaron diferencias entre aquellos niños de clase social no manual materna. Conclusiones: Existe un patrón diferente en la asociación entre inteligencia materna y desarrollo cognitivo infantil según la clase social materna. Mientras la asociación no es confundida por la educación ni por otras variables en las clases sociales manuales, el nivel educativo materno explica esta asociación en las clases sociales no manuales.